Dried Silica Sand Bunnings: Your Go-To Material in Wales

Dried silica sand Bunnings provides essential solutions for a variety of projects across the United Kingdom. For residents and professionals in Wales, finding high-quality, reliable materials is key to project success. Bunnings, a trusted name in home improvement and hardware, offers dried silica sand that meets diverse needs, from construction and landscaping to play areas and filtration systems. This article delves into the uses, benefits, and selection criteria for dried silica sand, specifically highlighting its availability and suitability for projects within Wales. As of 2026, the demand for versatile and dependable building materials remains high, and understanding the properties of materials like dried silica sand from Bunnings is crucial for achieving optimal results in any endeavor undertaken in the Welsh region.

Whether you are undertaking a significant construction project, enhancing your garden, or maintaining essential equipment, the right type of sand can make a substantial difference. Dried silica sand, known for its purity, consistent grain size, and durability, is a popular choice. This guide aims to provide comprehensive information for individuals and businesses in Wales looking to source this material from Bunnings. We will explore its applications, discuss factors to consider when purchasing, and offer insights into how it can benefit various projects throughout 2026. Understanding the specifications and advantages of dried silica sand from Bunnings empowers consumers in Wales to make informed decisions, ensuring their projects are built to last and perform effectively.

What is Dried Silica Sand and Its Properties?

Dried silica sand, also known as quartz sand, is a granular material composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). It is formed from the erosion of rocks, particularly granite and quartz, over millions of years. The ‘dried’ aspect refers to its processed state, where moisture content is minimized to ensure optimal usability and prevent clumping. This is crucial for applications where flowability, consistency, and precise application are required. The properties of dried silica sand make it exceptionally versatile. It is known for its hardness, chemical inertness, and resistance to heat and weathering. Its grain size can range from very fine to coarse, depending on the intended application, and is typically well-graded, meaning it contains a mix of particle sizes that pack together efficiently. This consistent particle distribution is a key advantage for builders and landscapers. For consumers in Wales sourcing this material from Bunnings, understanding these properties is fundamental to selecting the correct grade for their specific project needs. The purity of silica sand, often exceeding 95% SiO₂, ensures it is free from contaminants that could compromise performance in critical applications like water filtration or concrete production.

Composition and Purity Standards

The primary component of dried silica sand is silicon dioxide (SiO₂), typically comprising over 95% of the material. Higher purity grades can reach 99% SiO₂. This high silica content contributes to its hardness, durability, and chemical stability, making it resistant to abrasion and degradation. Impurities, such as iron oxides, clay, or other minerals, can affect the sand’s color, strength, and reactivity. For instance, the presence of iron oxides can impart a reddish or yellowish hue, which might be undesirable for certain aesthetic applications or where chemical neutrality is paramount. Clay content can lead to clumping and reduced flowability. Bunnings typically offers dried silica sand that meets stringent quality standards, suitable for a wide range of applications from general construction to specialized industrial uses. For projects in Wales that require specific performance characteristics, understanding the purity levels and potential impurities is key. For example, in water filtration, high purity silica sand is essential to prevent leaching of contaminants and ensure effective purification. The consistency in composition ensures predictable performance, a vital factor for any construction or industrial process.

Particle Size and Shape

The particle size distribution, often referred to as ‘mesh size’, is a critical characteristic of dried silica sand. This refers to the number of openings per linear inch of a sieve through which the sand particles can pass. Common mesh sizes range from coarse (e.g., 8/12 mesh) to fine (e.g., 30/60 or 70/140 mesh). Coarser sands are often used in construction for concrete mixes, providing strength and stability, while finer sands are suitable for applications like sandblasting, glass manufacturing, or as a component in mortars and grouts. The shape of the sand grains also plays a role. Angular grains offer better interlock and strength in construction applications, whereas rounded grains tend to flow more easily, making them suitable for things like decorative landscaping or abrasive blasting where a smoother finish is desired. Bunnings likely stocks various grades of dried silica sand, catering to these different needs. When selecting sand for a project in Wales, considering the required particle size and shape is essential for achieving the desired outcome and performance.

Moisture Content and Granular Consistency

As ‘dried’ silica sand, the material offered by Bunnings has undergone a process to significantly reduce its moisture content. This is vital for several reasons. Firstly, it prevents the sand from clumping, ensuring it remains free-flowing and easy to handle, measure, and apply consistently. This is particularly important for automated processes or large-scale projects. Secondly, low moisture content ensures the sand’s weight and volume are predictable, which is crucial for accurate mixing ratios in concrete, mortar, or asphalt. High moisture content can also lead to issues like premature setting in cementitious products or mold and mildew growth in decorative applications. The granular consistency refers to the uniformity of the sand particles. Well-graded sand, meaning it has a good distribution of particle sizes, will pack more densely, providing greater strength and stability in construction applications. This consistency ensures reliable performance across different batches and applications, a key reason why dried silica sand is preferred for many demanding uses in Wales and beyond.

Applications of Dried Silica Sand in Wales

Dried silica sand from Bunnings is a highly versatile material with numerous applications relevant to projects across Wales. Its unique properties make it indispensable in various sectors, from construction and home improvement to recreational and industrial uses. In the construction industry, it serves as a key aggregate in concrete, mortar, asphalt, and stucco, providing strength, durability, and workability. For homeowners in Wales, it’s ideal for creating level foundations, backfilling trenches, improving drainage in garden beds, and as a component in DIY concrete mixes or patio jointing sand. Recreational uses include filling sandpits for children, creating sand volleyball courts, and as a top dressing for sports fields, ensuring good drainage and playability. Industrially, dried silica sand is fundamental in glass manufacturing, foundry molds, water filtration systems, and as an abrasive medium for sandblasting. The availability of specific grades at Bunnings ensures that individuals and businesses in Wales can access the precise type of dried silica sand needed for their particular project, contributing to the quality and longevity of countless structures and amenities throughout the region.

Construction and Landscaping Uses

In construction and landscaping across Wales, dried silica sand from Bunnings is a staple material. As a component in concrete and mortar, it provides bulk, strength, and workability, ensuring structural integrity. Its consistent particle size and shape contribute to a uniform mix, essential for durable buildings and infrastructure. For landscaping projects, dried silica sand is invaluable for improving soil drainage. Mixing it with heavy clay soils creates a more porous structure, preventing waterlogging and promoting healthier plant growth. It’s also used for creating level bases for patios, paving stones, and artificial turf, ensuring a stable and long-lasting finish. Furthermore, it serves as an effective jointing sand for paving, locking stones in place and preventing weed growth when used with appropriate sealants. Its availability in various grades at Bunnings makes it suitable for both large-scale commercial developments and small domestic garden improvements throughout the Welsh countryside and urban areas.

Recreational and Sports Applications

Dried silica sand plays a significant role in recreational facilities and sports grounds throughout Wales, enhancing user experience and facility maintenance. Its primary use in this context is for creating safe and functional sandpits for children’s play areas. The fine, clean grains provide a soft surface for play and are easy to clean and maintain. For sports facilities, particularly sand-based pitches like those for volleyball or beach soccer, specific grades of dried silica sand offer optimal drainage and playability. It’s also used as a top dressing for golf courses and sports turf, helping to maintain consistent ground conditions, improve drainage, and promote healthy root growth. The inert nature of silica sand means it doesn’t react with fertilizers or other treatments, ensuring it doesn’t interfere with turf management. Bunnings’ supply of dried silica sand ensures that sports clubs and recreational facility managers in Wales have access to materials that meet professional standards for safety and performance.

Industrial and Specialty Uses

Beyond construction and recreation, dried silica sand has critical industrial applications that are vital for manufacturing and infrastructure. In glass production, high-purity silica sand is the primary raw material, melted at high temperatures to form glass for windows, containers, and numerous other products. Foundries use specific grades of sand as molds for casting molten metal, relying on its refractory properties (resistance to heat) and granular consistency. Water filtration is another major industrial application; layers of dried silica sand are highly effective at removing impurities from drinking water and wastewater, thanks to its inertness and suitable particle size. As an abrasive, it’s used in sandblasting to clean surfaces, remove rust, or prepare materials for painting or coating. Bunnings may cater to some of these industrial needs, providing specific grades essential for manufacturing processes and infrastructure maintenance across Wales. Maiyam Group, though primarily focused on industrial minerals, could potentially supply high-purity silica sand for these specialized industrial requirements if requested.

Choosing the Right Dried Silica Sand from Bunnings

Selecting the appropriate dried silica sand from Bunnings for your project in Wales is crucial for achieving desired results and ensuring longevity. The key factors to consider are the intended application, the required particle size, purity levels, and the quantity needed. For instance, if you’re mixing concrete, you’ll need a coarser grade sand that provides structural strength. For a children’s play area, a finer, smoother, and thoroughly washed sand is essential for safety and comfort. If the application involves water filtration or glass manufacturing, high purity silica content will be paramount. Bunnings typically provides clear product descriptions detailing the mesh size, intended uses, and sometimes purity information. It’s always advisable to consult product labels carefully or speak with a Bunnings representative if you are unsure. Understanding these specifications will help you make an informed choice, ensuring you get the most value and performance from your purchase. Making the right selection prevents project delays, cost overruns, and ensures the final outcome meets or exceeds expectations for any endeavor in Wales.

Matching Sand Grade to Project Needs

The specific grade of dried silica sand required depends entirely on the project’s demands. For general construction purposes in Wales, such as concrete or mortar mixing, a medium to coarse grade sand (e.g., 1/16 to 1/8 inch particle size) is typically recommended. This provides good compressive strength and workability. For landscaping projects like leveling patios or improving drainage, a slightly finer grade might be suitable, offering better compaction and flow. When filling joints between paving stones, a fine sand is often used to effectively lock the pavers in place. For purely decorative purposes, such as in attractive garden beds or aquatic features, fine-grained, clean silica sand is preferred for its aesthetic appeal. If the sand is intended for a children’s play area, the highest standards of cleanliness and safety are essential, often necessitating a specifically graded and washed play sand. Bunnings offers a range of products, and understanding the project’s specific function will guide you to the correct grade for optimal performance and durability.

Purity Requirements for Specific Applications

The purity of dried silica sand is a critical consideration for certain applications. While general construction may tolerate minor impurities, specific industrial and high-performance uses demand very high purity silica content, often exceeding 98% or even 99% SiO₂. For example, the manufacturing of clear glass requires exceptionally pure silica sand, as impurities like iron oxide can cause discoloration. In water treatment plants, the inertness and purity of the sand media are vital to ensure that no contaminants are introduced into the purified water. Similarly, in the semiconductor industry, where high-purity quartz is used, the sand must be exceptionally clean. While Bunnings primarily serves the DIY and general trade markets, they likely offer grades suitable for most common applications. For highly specialized industrial requirements in Wales, sourcing might need to be from dedicated industrial suppliers. Always check the product specifications for purity levels if your project has stringent requirements.

Considering Bag Size and Quantity

When purchasing dried silica sand from Bunnings, the size of the bags available and the total quantity needed for your project in Wales are practical considerations. Sand is typically sold in bags ranging from 20kg to 25kg for smaller DIY projects, up to larger bulk bags (often around 850kg or 1 tonne) for substantial construction or landscaping jobs. Calculating the required quantity accurately is essential to avoid under- or over-purchasing. Online calculators or advice from Bunnings staff can help estimate needs based on project dimensions (e.g., length, width, depth for concrete pours or patio bases). For large projects, bulk bags are generally more cost-effective and convenient, though they require appropriate lifting equipment (like a forklift or telehandler) for transport and placement. For smaller jobs, individual bags are easier to handle and transport home. Planning your purchase based on the scale of your project ensures efficiency and budget management.

Benefits of Using Dried Silica Sand

Utilizing dried silica sand, readily available from Bunnings for customers in Wales, offers numerous advantages that contribute to project success and longevity. Its primary benefit is its versatility; it serves a wide array of applications, from foundational construction elements to decorative landscaping and critical industrial processes. The consistent particle size and shape of dried silica sand ensure predictable performance and reliability in mixes like concrete and mortar, leading to stronger, more durable structures. Its inert nature makes it suitable for applications where chemical reactions are undesirable, such as in water filtration and food-grade applications. Furthermore, dried silica sand provides excellent drainage properties, crucial for both soil improvement in gardens and for sports surfaces, preventing waterlogging and promoting healthier environments. Its durability means it withstands weathering and compaction effectively, making it a long-lasting solution for foundations, paving, and recreational areas. The availability of specific grades tailored for different uses means users can select the optimal material for their needs, maximizing efficiency and achieving superior results for projects throughout Wales.

Durability and Longevity

One of the most significant benefits of using dried silica sand is its inherent durability and longevity. Composed primarily of silicon dioxide, it is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals, making it highly resistant to abrasion, weathering, and chemical degradation. This resilience ensures that structures built with silica sand aggregates, such as concrete foundations or paved pathways in Wales, will withstand the test of time and environmental exposure. In landscaping, its granular consistency and resistance to compaction help maintain soil structure and drainage over many years. For recreational facilities, the sand’s durability ensures consistent playability and safety without rapid deterioration. This long-lasting performance translates into reduced maintenance costs and greater value over the lifespan of the project, making it a wise investment for both residential and commercial applications.

Excellent Drainage Properties

The granular nature of dried silica sand makes it an excellent material for improving drainage in various applications. When incorporated into heavy clay soils, it creates air pockets and channels, allowing excess water to percolate through the soil profile. This prevents waterlogging, which can harm plant roots and lead to structural issues in foundations or landscapes. In gardening and agriculture within Wales, enhanced drainage promotes healthier root systems and reduces the risk of fungal diseases. For sports fields and recreational areas, good drainage is paramount for usability, especially after rainfall. Silica sand ensures that surfaces remain firm and playable, minimizing disruption. Bunnings’ range of dried silica sand provides an effective solution for managing water in diverse settings, from garden beds to construction sites, contributing to the overall health and stability of the environment it is used in.

Chemical Inertness and Safety

Dried silica sand’s chemical inertness is a key advantage, particularly in applications where reactivity is undesirable. It does not readily react with acids, alkalis, or other chemicals, making it a safe and reliable component in water filtration systems, ensuring that no harmful substances are leached into treated water. This property also makes it suitable for use in aquariums and other aquatic environments where it won’t alter water chemistry. In industrial settings, its inertness prevents unwanted reactions during manufacturing processes. Furthermore, when sourced and processed correctly, dried silica sand is non-toxic and safe for human contact, making it ideal for children’s play areas and beach volleyball courts. Bunnings ensures that the dried silica sand they supply meets safety standards, providing peace of mind for users undertaking projects in Wales, whether for family enjoyment or critical industrial functions.

Bunnings: Your Source for Dried Silica Sand in Wales (2026)

For residents and professionals across Wales, Bunnings stands out as a convenient and reliable source for high-quality dried silica sand in 2026. With numerous stores conveniently located throughout the region, Bunnings offers easy access to various grades of sand suitable for a wide spectrum of projects. Their commitment to providing quality building materials ensures that customers receive products that meet stringent standards for purity, particle size, and consistency. Whether you are undertaking a small DIY landscaping task, a medium-sized construction project, or require materials for industrial applications, Bunnings likely stocks the appropriate dried silica sand. Their knowledgeable staff can also offer guidance on selecting the right product for your specific needs, ensuring project success. Beyond just providing the material, Bunnings offers competitive pricing and readily available stock, making it the go-to destination for dried silica sand in Wales, supporting everything from home renovations to significant infrastructure developments.

Why Choose Bunnings for Your Sand Needs?

Bunnings offers several compelling reasons why they are the preferred choice for dried silica sand in Wales. Firstly, their extensive network of stores ensures accessibility, with branches strategically located to serve diverse communities. Secondly, Bunnings is known for its commitment to quality, stocking reputable brands and ensuring their products meet necessary industry standards. This means customers can trust the consistency and performance of the dried silica sand they purchase. Thirdly, their product range is comprehensive, typically offering various grades suitable for different applications, from coarse construction sand to fine play sand. Fourthly, Bunnings provides excellent value through competitive pricing and frequent promotions. Finally, their customer service is a key differentiator, with staff available to offer expert advice and support, helping customers make the best choice for their projects. This combination of convenience, quality, selection, value, and support makes Bunnings the ideal partner for all dried silica sand requirements.

Tips for Transporting and Storing Sand

Proper transportation and storage of dried silica sand are essential to maintain its quality and usability. When purchasing from Bunnings, consider how you will transport the sand. For bagged sand, a car boot, trailer, or ute is usually sufficient. For larger bulk bags, you will need a vehicle equipped for heavy loads and potentially lifting equipment. It’s advisable to secure bags to prevent shifting during transit. Once home, store the dried silica sand in a dry, covered area to prevent moisture absorption, which can lead to clumping and render it difficult to use. A tarp, shed, or garage is ideal. Keeping the sand covered also prevents contamination from debris, leaves, or pests. Proper storage ensures that the sand remains free-flowing and ready for use whenever your project requires it, maintaining its quality for future needs in Wales.

Comparing Silica Sand Grades

When faced with different grades of dried silica sand at Bunnings, understanding the key differences will ensure you select the right product. The primary distinction lies in particle size, often indicated by mesh size. Coarser grades (e.g., 8/12 mesh) have larger grains and are suitable for heavy-duty applications like concrete or as a base layer for paving. Medium grades (e.g., 20/40 mesh) offer a balance and are versatile for mortar, general landscaping, and drainage. Finer grades (e.g., 40/70 mesh and below) have smaller grains and are used for sandblasting, glass production, or as decorative sand. Play sand is typically very fine and thoroughly washed for safety. Always check the product packaging or consult with Bunnings staff to confirm the mesh size and intended applications of each grade to match it perfectly with your project requirements in Wales.

Cost Considerations for Dried Silica Sand

The cost of dried silica sand from Bunnings in Wales can vary depending on several factors, including the grade of sand, the purity, the bag size, and whether it’s purchased in individual bags or bulk. Generally, finer grades or higher purity sands may come at a slightly higher price point due to more intensive processing. Individual bags (e.g., 20-25kg) are convenient for smaller projects and typically range from a few pounds to around £10-£15 each, depending on the specific type and any ongoing promotions. For larger projects requiring bulk quantities, Bunnings offers larger bags or bulk options, which significantly reduce the per-kilogram cost. Bulk bags, weighing around 850kg, can cost anywhere from £80 to £150 or more, representing a more economical choice for substantial construction or landscaping work. It’s always advisable to compare prices and consider the total quantity needed to determine the most cost-effective option for your specific project in Wales. Additionally, factors like delivery fees, if applicable, should be factored into the overall budget.

Pricing Factors

Several factors influence the price of dried silica sand at Bunnings. The primary driver is the grade and purity of the sand. Coarser, less processed sand used for general construction is typically the most affordable. Finer grades or those with higher silica purity (e.g., for glassmaking or specific industrial uses) usually command a higher price due to the additional processing required. The packaging size also plays a role; purchasing sand in bulk bags is significantly more cost-effective per unit than buying multiple small bags. Market demand and supply conditions can also affect pricing, though Bunnings generally strives for consistent and competitive pricing. Seasonal demand, particularly during peak construction and gardening seasons in Wales, might also influence availability and occasional price adjustments. Always check current pricing at your local Bunnings store for the most accurate information.

Average Cost Ranges

For a typical 20-25kg bag of dried silica sand suitable for general DIY projects, landscaping, or play areas, expect to pay approximately £5 to £15 at Bunnings in Wales. This price can fluctuate based on the specific grade and any special offers. For larger projects, bulk bags (around 850kg) offer better value, with prices generally ranging from £80 to £150. These bulk options are ideal for significant landscaping, new patio installations, or small-scale construction work. It’s important to note that these are approximate costs, and actual prices may vary. For specialized industrial grades, pricing could be considerably higher, and such materials might not always be stocked by Bunnings, potentially requiring sourcing from specialized industrial suppliers.

Maximizing Value and ROI

To maximize the value and return on investment when purchasing dried silica sand from Bunnings, several strategies can be employed. Firstly, accurately calculate the quantity needed for your project to avoid unnecessary expenses or last-minute purchases at potentially higher prices. Secondly, opt for bulk bags if your project scale justifies it, as the cost per tonne is substantially lower than for individual bags. Thirdly, keep an eye out for Bunnings’ promotions and sales events, which can offer significant discounts on building materials. Fourthly, proper storage is key; by protecting the sand from moisture and contamination, you ensure its usability for future projects, extending its value. Finally, choosing the correct grade for your specific application ensures optimal performance and longevity, preventing costly rework or premature failure, thus maximizing the return on your material investment in Wales.

Common Mistakes When Using Dried Silica Sand

While dried silica sand is a versatile and valuable material, several common mistakes can undermine its effectiveness if not avoided. One frequent error is using the wrong grade of sand for the intended application. For example, using fine play sand in a concrete mix can result in a weaker final product, while using coarse construction sand for decorative purposes might look unappealing. Another mistake is inadequate storage; allowing bagged sand to become wet and clumped renders it difficult to work with and can compromise its quality. Forgetting to calculate the required quantity accurately can lead to either buying too much, wasting resources, or too little, causing project delays and potentially higher costs for subsequent purchases. Inadequate compaction when used as a base for patios or foundations can lead to settling and instability over time. Finally, failing to consider drainage needs when using sand for soil amendment can still result in waterlogged conditions if not mixed properly with the existing soil. Being aware of these pitfalls ensures successful project outcomes in Wales.

Using the Wrong Grade for the Job

A primary mistake is selecting a dried silica sand grade that isn’t suited for the specific task. Using fine, powdery sand intended for play areas in a structural concrete mix will compromise strength and durability. Conversely, using coarse construction sand for fine jointing between paving stones might not fill the gaps effectively or provide the desired locking action. For landscaping, using sand without considering its impact on soil structure can either fail to improve drainage or, if too much coarse sand is added to already free-draining soil, can exacerbate water loss. Always match the sand’s particle size and characteristics to the project’s requirements – whether it’s for strength, flow, aesthetics, or drainage. Bunnings offers different grades, so identifying your need first is crucial.

Improper Storage Leading to Clumping

Dried silica sand is processed to minimize moisture content, making it free-flowing and easy to handle. However, improper storage can quickly negate this benefit. If bags are left open or exposed to rain and humidity, the sand will absorb moisture, causing it to clump together. This makes it difficult to measure accurately, difficult to mix evenly, and generally unpleasant to work with. Clumped sand can also lead to inconsistencies in applications like concrete or paving bases, potentially causing structural weaknesses or uneven surfaces. To avoid this, always store bagged sand in a dry, protected location, such as a shed, garage, or under a waterproof tarp. Ensure bags are sealed properly after use.

Inaccurate Quantity Estimation

Underestimating or overestimating the amount of dried silica sand needed can lead to significant inconvenience and cost. Buying too little sand means a trip back to Bunnings, potentially halting project progress and incurring additional transport costs. Buying too much results in wasted material and storage challenges. Accurate quantity calculation is vital. For concrete or mortar, this involves calculating the volume of the pour and the sand’s proportion in the mix. For leveling patios or creating bases, measurements of the area and required depth are necessary. Using online calculators or seeking advice from Bunnings staff can help ensure you purchase the correct amount for your project in Wales, optimizing efficiency and budget.

Compaction and Stability Issues

When dried silica sand is used as a base material for patios, paving, or foundations, inadequate compaction can lead to long-term stability problems. Sand needs to be compacted to create a firm, stable layer that can support loads and prevent settling. If the sand is not adequately compacted, the structure built upon it may shift, sink, or develop cracks over time, especially in regions like Wales with varying soil conditions. Proper compaction can be achieved using a vibrating plate compactor for larger areas or a hand tamper for smaller sections. Ensuring the sand is slightly damp (but not wet) during compaction can also improve its stability. Skipping or rushing this step can compromise the entire project’s integrity.

Frequently Asked Questions About Dried Silica Sand

Conclusion: Your Project’s Foundation in Wales

Dried silica sand is an indispensable material for a vast range of projects across Wales, and Bunnings provides accessible, quality options for every need in 2026. Whether you’re laying the groundwork for a new patio, mixing concrete for essential construction, ensuring safe play areas for children, or optimizing drainage in your garden, the properties of dried silica sand offer reliability and performance. Understanding the different grades available—from coarse construction sand to fine, clean play sand—is key to selecting the right material for optimal results. By choosing Bunnings, you benefit from convenience, competitive pricing, and a commitment to quality that ensures your project is built on a solid foundation. Remember to consider proper storage and transport to maintain the sand’s integrity. With the right dried silica sand, your projects in Wales will stand the test of time, providing lasting value and functionality.

Key Takeaways:

• Dried silica sand from Bunnings is versatile for construction, landscaping, and recreation in Wales.
• Matching the correct grade to your project is crucial for performance and longevity.
• Proper storage is essential to prevent moisture absorption and clumping.
• Bulk purchases offer better value for larger projects.
• Consider drainage and stability when using sand as a base material.