Copper Ore Types: A Comprehensive Guide for Polish Industries

Copper ore types play a crucial role in global manufacturing, and understanding them is vital for businesses in Poland, particularly those in the Poznan region. As industries evolve, so does the demand for specific mineral resources. Maiyam Group, a leading dealer in strategic minerals, recognizes the importance of clear, accessible information for industrial manufacturers worldwide. This guide delves into the diverse world of copper ore types, their characteristics, extraction methods, and applications, tailored to provide insights relevant to the Polish market in 2026. Whether you’re in electronics, construction, or renewable energy, comprehending the nuances of copper ore is essential for strategic sourcing and operational efficiency. We aim to equip you with the knowledge needed to navigate the complexities of mineral procurement, ensuring you make informed decisions for your business operations in Poznan and beyond.

In the heart of Europe, Poland’s industrial landscape is a vibrant tapestry of innovation and production. Poznan, a major economic hub, stands at the forefront of this dynamism. The demand for high-quality raw materials like copper ore is constant, driving the need for reliable suppliers and a deep understanding of the minerals themselves. This article will explore the geological formations, chemical compositions, and commercial significance of various copper ore types, highlighting how these resources fuel industries across Poland and contribute to global technological advancements. We will also touch upon the ethical sourcing and quality assurance practices that are paramount in today’s mineral trading industry, aligning with the standards upheld by reputable providers like Maiyam Group.

Understanding Copper Ore Types

Copper, a reddish-brown metal, has been indispensable to human civilization for millennia, prized for its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, and corrosion resistance. The journey from raw rock to usable metal begins with copper ore, which is naturally occurring rock or mineral deposits containing sufficient copper to make commercial extraction economically viable. These deposits vary widely in their mineral composition, geological origin, and the form in which copper is present, leading to distinct classifications of copper ore types. Understanding these variations is critical for miners, refiners, traders, and end-users alike. In Poland, particularly within the industrial zones surrounding Poznan, knowledge of these ore types directly impacts procurement strategies, processing efficiency, and final product quality. The year 2026 sees an ever-increasing emphasis on resource efficiency and sustainability in mineral extraction, making precise identification and understanding of ore types more important than ever.

The primary economic driver in copper mining is the concentration of copper within the ore. Ores are generally categorized based on the dominant mineralogy, which dictates the most efficient and cost-effective methods for extraction and processing. These categories typically fall into two main groups: oxide ores and sulfide ores. Each group has unique characteristics and requires different metallurgical approaches to liberate the valuable copper content. Furthermore, the location and geological history of the ore deposit influence its characteristics. For instance, copper ores found in different regions of the world, or even different deposits within a single country like Poland, can exhibit significant variations. Maiyam Group, with its deep roots in mineral sourcing, understands these geological subtleties and their impact on the global supply chain, ensuring our clients receive precisely what they need.

The Geological Significance of Copper Deposits

Copper deposits are formed through a variety of geological processes over millions of years. Understanding these processes helps geologists and mining engineers locate and evaluate potential ore bodies. The most common types of copper deposits include:

• Porphyry Copper Deposits: These are the most significant source of copper globally, accounting for roughly 70% of the world’s production. They are large, low-grade deposits associated with intrusive igneous rocks. Copper minerals are disseminated throughout the rock mass, often in association with other valuable metals like molybdenum, gold, and silver.
• Sedimentary Copper Deposits: Found within sedimentary rock layers, these deposits are often rich in copper sulfides and can occur in extensive, relatively flat-lying beds. Historical deposits like those found in parts of Europe have been significant producers.
• Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposits: These are formed by hydrothermal activity on the seafloor, resulting in massive sulfide bodies rich in copper, zinc, lead, gold, and silver. They are typically smaller than porphyry deposits but can be high-grade.
• Skarn Deposits: Formed at the contact between intrusive igneous rocks and carbonate rocks, skarns are often rich in copper and other metals like iron, tungsten, and gold.
• Secondary Sulfide and Supergene Enrichment Deposits: These deposits form from the weathering and alteration of primary sulfide ores. Supergene enrichment can significantly increase the copper grade in the lower portions of a deposit.

These geological formations determine the initial form of the copper minerals present, which is the basis for classifying copper ore types into oxides and sulfides. The presence of other metals within these deposits also influences their economic value. For industrial manufacturers in Poznan, knowing the origin and geological context of their copper supply can be crucial for understanding potential impurities and quality variations, ensuring consistency in their production processes.

Major Copper Ore Types: Oxides vs. Sulfides

The most fundamental distinction in copper ore classification is between oxide and sulfide ores. This classification significantly impacts the methods used for mineral processing and metal recovery. Understanding these differences is key for any industrial consumer looking to source copper reliably, whether operating in Poland or internationally.

Copper Oxide Ores

Copper oxide ores are typically found in the upper, oxidized zones of copper deposits that have been exposed to weathering processes. These minerals form when primary sulfide minerals react with oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. Common copper oxide minerals include:

• Cuprite (Cuprite): A mineral composed of copper(I) oxide (Cu?O). It is a relatively minor ore but can be found in oxidized zones.
• Tenorite (Melaconite): Copper(II) oxide (CuO). Often found alongside cuprite.
• Chrysocolla: A hydrous copper silicate, often appearing as a blue-green mineral. While beautiful, it’s generally a low-grade ore.
• Malachite: A green copper carbonate hydroxide mineral (Cu?CO?(OH)?). It’s a well-known copper mineral, often found with azurite.
• Azurite: A deep blue copper carbonate hydroxide mineral (2CuCO?Cu(OH)?). Like malachite, it’s often decorative and can be an indicator of copper presence.
• Native Copper: In some rare instances, metallic copper can be found in its pure, uncombined form. This is highly desirable but uncommon in large quantities.

Oxide ores are generally easier and cheaper to process than sulfide ores. They can often be treated using hydrometallurgical methods, such as leaching with sulfuric acid or ammonia. Leaching dissolves the copper minerals, and the resulting solution can then be processed to recover pure copper. This simplicity makes oxide ores attractive, though they are often found in lower concentrations or smaller deposits compared to sulfides. For businesses in Poznan seeking specific copper grades, understanding whether their source material is oxide or sulfide is the first step in assessing the supply chain’s viability and cost-effectiveness.

Copper Sulfide Ores

Copper sulfide ores are found in the deeper, unoxidized portions of copper deposits and are the dominant source of the world’s copper production. These ores contain copper in the form of sulfide minerals. The most important sulfide ore mineral is:

• Chalcopyrite (CuFeS?): This is by far the most abundant and economically significant copper mineral, comprising about 70% of the world’s copper reserves. It is a brass-yellow mineral that can be mistaken for pyrite (fool’s gold), but chalcopyrite is softer and has a distinctive yellow-bronze streak.
• Bornite (Cu?FeS?): Also known as “peacock ore” due to its iridescent tarnish, bornite is a valuable copper ore, often containing higher copper grades than chalcopyrite.
• Chalcocite (Cu?S): A rich copper sulfide mineral, often found in supergene-enriched zones. It can contain a high percentage of copper, making it very valuable when found in significant quantities.
• Digenite (Cu?S?): A dark blue or grey sulfide mineral, closely related to chalcocite.

Processing copper sulfide ores is more complex and energy-intensive than processing oxide ores. It typically involves froth flotation to concentrate the sulfide minerals, followed by smelting (pyrometallurgy) or leaching (hydrometallurgy), or a combination of both. Smelting involves melting the concentrated ore at high temperatures to produce a crude copper matte, which is then further refined. Hydrometallurgical methods for sulfides, like the Heap Leaching Solvent Extraction Electrowinning (SX-EW) process, have become increasingly popular for lower-grade sulfide ores. For industrial manufacturers in Poznan, the choice between sourcing from oxide or sulfide ores often depends on the required purity, the scale of operations, and the economic feasibility of different processing routes.

Extraction and Processing of Copper Ores

The journey from a mineral deposit deep within the earth to the pure copper metal used in everything from electrical wiring to medical equipment is a complex, multi-stage process. The specific methods employed depend heavily on the type of copper ore (oxide or sulfide), its grade (concentration of copper), and its geological setting. For businesses in Poland and globally, understanding these processes provides insight into the costs, environmental impacts, and potential quality variations associated with different sources of copper. Maiyam Group prioritizes suppliers who employ efficient and responsible extraction and processing techniques, ensuring high-quality copper for industrial applications worldwide.

Mining Methods

The first step in bringing copper ore to market is mining, which is broadly divided into two categories:

• Open-Pit Mining: This method is used for large, low-grade deposits that are close to the surface, such as porphyry copper deposits. It involves removing large quantities of overburden (rock and soil) to access the ore body. Huge pits are excavated, and the ore is extracted using large machinery like shovels and haul trucks. This is the most common method for copper extraction globally due to the vastness of porphyry deposits.
• Underground Mining: This method is used for smaller, higher-grade deposits or those located deep beneath the surface. Various techniques are employed, including block caving, room and pillar, and cut-and-fill mining, each suited to different geological conditions. Underground mining is generally more expensive and has a smaller surface footprint than open-pit mining.

The choice of mining method significantly influences the operational costs and environmental impact. For companies in Poznan, understanding the origin of their copper can provide context on the mining methods used, potentially influencing supply chain sustainability considerations.

Mineral Processing: Concentration

Once mined, the ore is transported to a processing plant where it undergoes several stages to concentrate the valuable minerals and remove waste rock (gangue). The primary method for concentrating copper sulfide ores is:

• Froth Flotation: This is a physico-chemical process used to selectively separate valuable minerals from waste material. The crushed ore is mixed with water and specific chemical reagents (collectors, frothers, dispersants) in large tanks called flotation cells. Air is bubbled through the mixture, causing the valuable sulfide minerals, which attach to the air bubbles, to rise to the surface as a froth. This froth is skimmed off, resulting in a concentrated copper sulfide product (copper concentrate), typically containing 20-30% copper. Waste material (tailings) sinks to the bottom and is disposed of.

For copper oxide ores, simpler concentration methods might be used, or they may bypass flotation altogether if they are amenable to direct leaching. However, froth flotation remains the cornerstone for sulfide ore beneficiation, which dominates global copper production. The resulting concentrate is then ready for further metallurgical treatment to extract the pure copper metal.

Metallurgical Extraction: Pyrometallurgy and Hydrometallurgy

After concentration, the copper needs to be extracted from the concentrate or directly from oxide ores. Two primary metallurgical routes are used:

• Pyrometallurgy (Smelting): This process uses high temperatures to extract copper. Copper concentrates are first smelted in a furnace to produce a molten mixture called matte, which contains copper and iron sulfides. This matte is then converted in another furnace (converter) where iron and sulfur are removed by blowing air through it, producing “blister copper” (about 98-99% pure). Blister copper is further refined, usually by electrolysis, to produce high-purity copper cathodes (99.99% pure). This method is energy-intensive but efficient for high-grade sulfide concentrates.
• Hydrometallurgy (Leaching and Electrowinning): This process uses aqueous solutions (usually sulfuric acid) to dissolve copper from oxide ores or certain types of sulfide ores. The copper-bearing solution (pregnant leach solution) is then purified and concentrated through solvent extraction. Finally, copper is recovered from the purified solution by electrolysis in a process called electrowinning (EW), where an electric current deposits pure copper onto cathodes. This method is often preferred for low-grade oxide ores and some low-grade sulfide ores, as it is less energy-intensive and has a lower capital cost than smelting.

Both pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are critical to the global copper supply chain. For industrial clients in Poznan, the choice of copper product (e.g., cathodes, concentrates) often depends on the processing capabilities of the end-user and the desired purity. Reputable suppliers like Maiyam Group ensure that the copper they trade meets stringent quality specifications, regardless of the extraction method used.

Key Copper Ore Types and Their Characteristics

While the broad classification of oxide and sulfide ores is fundamental, specific mineral types within these categories have unique characteristics that influence their value, processing, and applications. Understanding these specific copper ore types is crucial for anyone involved in the mining and trading of this essential commodity. For industries in Poland, particularly in manufacturing hubs like Poznan, knowing the exact composition of the copper they procure ensures consistency and predictability in their production lines. Let’s delve deeper into some of the most significant copper ore types.

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS?)

As mentioned, chalcopyrite is the world’s most important copper mineral, forming the backbone of many large porphyry copper deposits. Its typical copper content by weight is around 34.5%, but it rarely occurs in pure form within the ore. It is usually found mixed with other sulfide minerals and gangue. Chalcopyrite’s processing requires complex flotation techniques to separate it from iron sulfides and other associated minerals. Smelting is commonly used to extract copper from chalcopyrite concentrates. Its abundance makes it the primary source of copper, and understanding its prevalence is key to understanding global copper supply dynamics.

Chalcocite (Cu?S)

Chalcocite is a rich copper sulfide mineral, containing approximately 79.8% copper by weight in its pure form. It is often found in the secondary enrichment zone of copper deposits, meaning it forms when the primary copper minerals (like chalcopyrite) are weathered and redeposited at lower depths. This concentration makes chalcocite highly valuable. While it can be processed using flotation, its high copper content can also make it amenable to certain leaching processes. Its presence in an ore body significantly boosts the overall grade and economic viability of a deposit.

Bornite (Cu?FeS?)

Bornite, also known as “horsehsoe” or “peacock ore” due to its distinctive iridescent tarnish, is another valuable copper sulfide. It contains about 63.3% copper by weight. Bornite is often found in association with chalcopyrite and is considered a relatively rich copper ore. It behaves similarly to chalcopyrite during flotation and smelting processes. Its attractive appearance can sometimes lead to confusion with other minerals, but its economic importance lies in its high copper content and its occurrence in various types of copper deposits.

Oxidized Copper Minerals (Malachite, Azurite, Chrysocolla)

These copper minerals, primarily carbonates and silicates, are characteristic of the oxidized zones of copper deposits. Malachite (green) and Azurite (blue) are copper carbonates that are relatively easy to process through leaching. Chrysocolla, a copper silicate, can be more challenging to treat due to its variable composition and often fine grain size. While these minerals are visually striking and can indicate the presence of copper, they generally represent lower-grade ores compared to rich sulfides like chalcocite. However, their amenability to hydrometallurgical extraction makes them important targets, especially when found in sufficient concentrations. They are often processed through leaching and solvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW).

Native Copper

Pure metallic copper is the most desirable form of copper ore, as it requires minimal processing to become usable metal. Native copper deposits are rare but can be incredibly rich. Historically, deposits in Michigan, USA, were significant sources of native copper. It is typically found in association with volcanic rocks or in certain sedimentary environments. While not a major global source today due to its scarcity, any significant discovery of native copper would be of immense economic importance.

For industrial users in Poznan, the availability of specific copper grades derived from these ore types dictates manufacturing capabilities. Maiyam Group works diligently to source and supply the copper products that meet the precise specifications required by modern industry, understanding that quality starts at the ore level.

Applications of Copper and Copper Ore in Poland

Copper, in its refined form, is a cornerstone material for numerous industries. Its unique properties ? exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and ductility ? make it indispensable. The consistent demand for copper ore in Poland is driven by its widespread applications, supporting the nation’s robust manufacturing sector. Poznan, as a key industrial and trade center, sees significant activity in sectors that rely heavily on copper and its derivatives. Understanding these applications highlights why sourcing diverse and high-quality copper ore types is so critical for the Polish economy in 2026.

Electrical and Electronics Industry

This is by far the largest consumer of copper. Its superior conductivity makes it ideal for wiring in buildings, vehicles, and appliances, as well as for the intricate circuits within electronic devices. Copper is used in motors, generators, transformers, power transmission lines, and telecommunications equipment. The growing demand for electric vehicles, renewable energy infrastructure (solar panels, wind turbines), and advanced consumer electronics in Poland directly translates into a sustained need for high-grade copper. Companies in Poznan operating in these fields require a reliable supply of copper cathodes and other refined copper products, which are ultimately derived from carefully selected copper ore types.

Construction and Infrastructure

Copper plays a vital role in modern construction. Copper pipes are widely used for plumbing and water distribution due to their corrosion resistance and hygienic properties. Copper alloys, like brass and bronze, are used for decorative elements, fixtures, and hardware. In electrical systems within buildings, copper wiring is standard. The ongoing development and modernization of infrastructure across Poland, including residential buildings, commercial complexes, and public utilities, ensure a steady demand for copper. Maiyam Group recognizes the importance of supplying materials that meet the rigorous standards of the construction sector.

Automotive and Transportation

The automotive industry is a significant user of copper. Beyond electrical wiring, copper is found in radiators, brake lines, and various engine components due to its excellent thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance. The global shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) has dramatically increased copper demand, as EVs use significantly more copper than traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Copper is essential for EV motors, battery systems, charging infrastructure, and power electronics. As Poland continues to foster its automotive sector and embrace electrification, the need for copper ore, and subsequently refined copper, will only grow. Poznan’s strategic location within Poland’s industrial network makes it a key region for this demand.

Industrial Machinery and Manufacturing

Copper and its alloys are used extensively in the manufacturing of industrial machinery, equipment, and tools. Its strength, durability, and resistance to wear and corrosion make it suitable for components in various industrial applications, including heat exchangers, pumps, valves, and specialized machinery. Manufacturers in sectors such as chemical processing, metal fabrication, and heavy machinery in Poland rely on consistent access to copper to maintain their production lines and innovate new equipment. Maiyam Group supports these diverse industrial needs by providing a range of essential minerals.

Other Applications

Copper also finds applications in coinage, cookware, and even in agriculture (as fungicides and algaecides). Its antimicrobial properties are increasingly being recognized and utilized in healthcare settings to combat the spread of infections. The versatility of copper ensures its continued relevance across a broad spectrum of industries, reinforcing the fundamental importance of understanding and sourcing various copper ore types.

Choosing the Right Copper Ore Types for Your Needs

For industrial manufacturers and buyers in Poland, selecting the appropriate copper ore type or, more commonly, the resulting refined copper product, is crucial for operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and final product quality. The choice depends on several factors, including the intended application, required purity levels, processing capabilities, and economic considerations. Maiyam Group assists clients in navigating these complexities to ensure they acquire the most suitable copper materials for their specific needs.

Purity Requirements

Different applications demand different purity levels of copper. For instance, high-purity copper cathodes (99.99% or higher) are essential for the electrical and electronics industries where conductivity is paramount. Impurities can significantly degrade electrical performance. For some construction or industrial applications, slightly lower purity grades or copper alloys might be acceptable and more cost-effective. Understanding the exact purity required for your process is the first step in selecting the right copper source. This influences whether you look for primary refined copper derived from high-grade concentrates or potentially recycled copper materials.

Form of Supply

Copper is traded globally in various forms, each derived from specific ore processing routes. The most common forms include:

• Copper Cathodes: High-purity (99.99%+) copper produced via electrowinning or electrolytic refining. This is the standard for electrical applications.
• Copper Concentrates: Partially processed ore (typically 20-30% copper) sold to smelters for further refinement. Buyers of concentrates typically have smelting and refining capabilities.
• Copper Wire Rod: Copper that has been extruded into rod form, ready for wire drawing.
• Copper Ingots/Billets: Used for casting into various shapes and products.
• Scrap Copper: Recycled copper, which is an important secondary source, though its availability and composition can vary.

For industrial users in Poznan, sourcing finished products like cathodes or wire rod is more common than dealing directly with concentrates, unless they operate refining facilities. Maiyam Group specializes in delivering these refined products, ensuring they meet international standards.

Economic and Logistics Considerations

The cost of copper is influenced by global market prices, ore grades, extraction costs, and geopolitical factors. Logistics and transportation costs are also significant, especially for bulk commodities like copper ore or concentrates. For businesses operating in Poland, proximity to ports or well-established transport networks can impact overall costs. Maiyam Group provides streamlined export documentation and logistics management, ensuring efficient delivery from mine to market, optimizing costs for our clients.

Ethical Sourcing and Sustainability

Increasingly, buyers are concerned with the ethical sourcing and environmental impact of their mineral supply chains. This includes ensuring fair labor practices, responsible environmental management, and conflict-free sourcing. Maiyam Group is committed to these principles, prioritizing suppliers who adhere to international standards for sustainability and ethical mining. When selecting copper ore types or refined copper products, considering the supplier’s commitment to these values is becoming as important as price and quality. This aligns with the growing emphasis on corporate social responsibility across European industries.

The Role of Maiyam Group in the Copper Market

Navigating the global market for copper ore and refined copper products requires expertise, reliable connections, and a commitment to quality and compliance. Maiyam Group stands as a premier dealer in strategic minerals and commodities, offering comprehensive solutions for industrial manufacturers worldwide. Based in Lubumbashi, we leverage our deep understanding of African geological resources and our advanced supply chain management to connect global markets with high-quality mineral supplies. For businesses in Poland, particularly those in the dynamic industrial landscape of Poznan, partnering with us provides direct access to ethically sourced, quality-assured copper and other essential commodities.

Our unique selling proposition lies in combining geological expertise with robust supply chain management. We ensure that every transaction meets the highest industry benchmarks, adhering strictly to international trade standards and environmental regulations. Maiyam Group offers a single-source solution for a comprehensive portfolio of minerals, including copper cathodes, coltan, cobalt, and precious metals. We understand the local DR Congo mining regulations and international compliance requirements, facilitating seamless transactions from mine to market. Our commitment extends to prioritizing sustainable practices and community empowerment in all our sourcing operations, offering our clients not just minerals, but responsible partnerships.

Our Copper Offerings

Maiyam Group specializes in supplying high-grade copper products essential for diverse industrial applications. We connect manufacturers with reliable sources of copper, ensuring consistency and quality.

• Copper Cathodes: We provide LME-registered copper cathodes of high purity (Grade A), crucial for electronics, electrical conductivity applications, and demanding manufacturing processes.
• Copper Concentrates: For clients with smelting and refining capabilities, we offer copper concentrates sourced from reputable mining operations.

Our certified quality assurance process guarantees that all mineral specifications are met. We provide direct access to premier mining operations, ensuring a stable and dependable supply chain. This is further supported by our streamlined export documentation and logistics management, which simplifies the procurement process for our international clients.

Why Partner with Maiyam Group?

Choosing Maiyam Group means opting for reliability, expertise, and a commitment to excellence. Our team’s understanding of both local mining environments and global market demands allows us to offer customized mineral solutions. We pride ourselves on:

• Certified Quality Assurance: Ensuring every batch meets stringent specifications.
• Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing: Prioritizing responsible practices.
• Streamlined Logistics: Managing export documentation and shipping efficiently.
• Market Intelligence: Providing real-time insights to aid decision-making.
• Direct Access: Connecting you directly to prime mining operations.

We serve a wide array of industries, including electronics manufacturing, renewable energy, industrial production, aerospace, chemical production, and steel manufacturing. Our goal is to be your single-source mineral supplier, offering premium minerals from Africa to global industries. For businesses in Poznan and across Poland looking for a trusted partner in mineral trading, Maiyam Group offers unparalleled service and quality.

Frequently Asked Questions About Copper Ore Types

Conclusion: Sourcing Copper Ore Types for a Thriving Polish Economy

Understanding the diverse copper ore types is fundamental for any industry reliant on this versatile metal. From the ubiquitous chalcopyrite to the rich chalcocite and various oxide minerals, each type presents unique processing challenges and opportunities. For Poland’s robust industrial sector, especially the manufacturing powerhouses in and around Poznan, securing a consistent supply of high-quality copper is not just a logistical necessity but a strategic imperative for growth and innovation in 2026 and beyond. Whether your applications demand the high conductivity of pure copper cathodes for electronics or the durability of copper alloys for construction, the origin and characteristics of the ore directly impact the final product’s performance and cost-effectiveness.

Maiyam Group is committed to bridging the gap between geological resources and industrial demand. Our expertise in ethical sourcing, quality assurance, and streamlined logistics ensures that businesses in Poland can access premium copper products reliably. We understand the critical role copper plays in sectors ranging from renewable energy and electric vehicles to advanced manufacturing and infrastructure development. By prioritizing transparency, sustainability, and strict compliance with international standards, we aim to be your trusted partner in the mineral supply chain. Choosing the right copper source means choosing a partner who understands your needs and delivers on quality and integrity.

Key Takeaways:

• Copper ores are primarily classified as oxides or sulfides, with chalcopyrite being the most abundant sulfide.
• Processing methods like flotation, smelting, and leaching depend heavily on the ore type.
• High-purity copper is essential for electrical and electronic applications.
• Ethical sourcing and supply chain reliability are increasingly critical factors.
• Maiyam Group offers quality-assured copper products and logistics solutions for Polish industries.